Vaultwarden: your own password manager behind Traefik

Passwords belong in a password manager – but do they have to live in the cloud of some third-party provider? With Vaultwarden you host your own, encrypted and under your control. It speaks the Bitwarden language, so you use the familiar Bitwarden apps and browser extensions – they just point at your server.

What are we building?

By the end, Vaultwarden 1.36 runs in a container behind your Traefik proxy, reachable at https://vault.YOUR_DOMAIN with a valid HTTPS certificate. Vaultwarden is a lean reimplementation of the Bitwarden server written in Rust: API-compatible, but frugal enough to run on a small VPS. You connect the official Bitwarden clients (browser extension, phone app, desktop) with your server, store your credentials – end-to-end encrypted – and manage the service via a secured admin panel.

Your passwords thus live on your server, in your country, under your backup – and you pay no subscription fee for features like 2FA or attachments.

Prerequisites

• A running Traefik reverse proxy with the shared proxy network and the Let’s Encrypt resolver le – exactly the setup from the tutorial reverse proxy with Traefik. Without Traefik this recipe doesn’t work: Vaultwarden requires HTTPS.
• A subdomain, e.g. vault.YOUR_DOMAIN, whose DNS record (A/AAAA) points to your server IP – see connecting a domain to your server.
• A working backup of your server. A password manager is the place where data loss hurts most – if you haven’t yet, first set up backups with Restic.

If you want to combine several services later, the server calculator helps with the right server size.

Step by step

Step 1: Generate the ADMIN_TOKEN

Vaultwarden has an admin panel at /admin. Access to it is protected by an ADMIN_TOKEN. You should not store it in plaintext, but as a hash – then your panel password appears nowhere readable in the Compose file.

Vaultwarden brings its own command for this. We run it briefly in a throwaway container:

docker run --rm -it vaultwarden/server:1.36.0 /vaultwarden hash --preset owasp

The command asks you twice for a password (input stays invisible) and then outputs an Argon2id hash – a long string that starts like this:

Generate an Argon2id PHC string using the 'owasp' preset.

Password:
Confirm Password:

ADMIN_TOKEN='$argon2id$v=19$m=19456,t=2,p=1$FkxFEQ64Wy4zlQOWMI1fJ...$TxULe6MSND3By6GPVPKB1...'

Copy out the complete string between the quotes (including the $argon2id$… parts) – you need it in a moment. The password you entered here is your admin panel password; store it in your password manager (in the old one, for now).

Step 2: Create the compose.yaml

Create a dedicated folder and change into it:

mkdir -p ~/vaultwarden && cd ~/vaultwarden

Create the compose.yaml. Replace vault.YOUR_DOMAIN with your real subdomain and the ADMIN_TOKEN with the hash from step 1:

services:
  vaultwarden:
    image: vaultwarden/server:1.36.0
    volumes:
      - ./vw-data:/data
    environment:
      DOMAIN: "https://vault.YOUR_DOMAIN"
      SIGNUPS_ALLOWED: "true"
      ADMIN_TOKEN: "$$argon2id$$v=19$$m=19456,t=2,p=1$$FkxFE...$$TxULe..."
    labels:
      - "traefik.enable=true"
      - "traefik.http.routers.vaultwarden.rule=Host(`vault.YOUR_DOMAIN`)"
      - "traefik.http.routers.vaultwarden.entrypoints=websecure"
      - "traefik.http.routers.vaultwarden.tls.certresolver=le"
      - "traefik.http.services.vaultwarden.loadbalancer.server.port=80"
    networks:
      - proxy
    restart: unless-stopped

networks:
  proxy:
    external: true

The most important lines in detail:

• image: vaultwarden/server:1.36.0 – we deliberately pin the version instead of taking latest. That way you update in a controlled manner (see “Maintenance”). For an even smaller image there’s also :1.36.0-alpine.
• volumes: ./vw-data:/data – this is where your database (db.sqlite3), the encryption keys and the attachments live. This volume is mandatory. Without a volume Vaultwarden deliberately refuses to start, so you don’t lose your data in an ephemeral container.
• DOMAIN – the full HTTPS URL. Vaultwarden needs it for WebAuthn/2FA and invitation links, among other things. Must match your router rule exactly.
• SIGNUPS_ALLOWED: "true" – allows registration for now so you can create your first account. We turn that off again shortly.
• ADMIN_TOKEN – your hash from step 1. Important: in a Compose file every dollar sign must be doubled ($ → $$), otherwise Compose tries to interpret it as a variable. So $argon2id$… becomes $$argon2id$$….
• loadbalancer.server.port=80 – Vaultwarden listens on port 80 in the container. This line tells Traefik explicitly where to forward internally, instead of guessing the target port from the image – the same pattern as with every app behind Traefik.
• No ports: – as with every app behind Traefik, Vaultwarden is only reachable via the proxy, never directly from outside.

Step 3: Start it and the first call

Start the container:

docker compose up -d

On the first start, Vaultwarden creates the data directory and initializes the database. Take a look at the log:

docker compose logs -f vaultwarden

At the end you should see this line – it confirms the service is running:

[INFO] Rocket has launched from http://0.0.0.0:80

With Ctrl+C you leave the log view again (the container keeps running). Now open https://vault.YOUR_DOMAIN in the browser. On the first access Traefik fetches the Let’s Encrypt certificate – that can take a few seconds. After that the Bitwarden web interface appears.

Click Create account and create your first account – with your email address and a name:

In the next step you set your master password. That’s the one key that unlocks your entire vault:

Step 4: Close registration again

Once your account is set up, you want to prevent strangers from registering too – your Vaultwarden is, after all, open on the internet. Set SIGNUPS_ALLOWED to false in the compose.yaml:

    environment:
      DOMAIN: "https://vault.YOUR_DOMAIN"
      SIGNUPS_ALLOWED: "false"
      ADMIN_TOKEN: "$$argon2id$$..."

And apply the change:

docker compose up -d

Compose detects the changed environment variable and restarts the container. From now on the login page rejects new registrations. Further users (e.g. for the family) you invite specifically via the admin panel when needed – more on that shortly.

Step 5: The admin panel

Open https://vault.YOUR_DOMAIN/admin and log in with the password you entered in step 1 when generating the hash (not with the hash itself). You land in the management interface:

Here you control the service centrally:

• Users – view existing users, invite new ones (even with SIGNUPS_ALLOWED=false), deactivate accounts.
• Settings → SMTP Email Settings – enter your mail server’s credentials here so Vaultwarden can send invitations and 2FA codes by email. Without SMTP, invitation by link works too, but email-based 2FA doesn’t.
• Diagnostics – shows you whether your DOMAIN is set correctly and whether Vaultwarden is reachable from outside – handy for troubleshooting.

Step 6: Connect the clients

Now comes the real benefit. Install the official Bitwarden app or browser extension (from the respective app or add-on store). Before you log in, you switch the server:

1. In the app/extension, before logging in, open the settings for the self-hosted environment (gear icon or “Region: Self-hosted”).
2. Enter https://vault.YOUR_DOMAIN as the server URL and save.
3. Now log in with your email and your master password – the app talks to your server from now on.

The nice part: it’s the same mature clients as with commercial Bitwarden. Autofill, password generator, secure notes, attachments and 2FA storage work the same way – only the data lives on your server.

Import existing passwords: if you’re switching from another manager (or the browser’s password store), you don’t have to retype everything. Export your entries there as CSV or JSON and import them via the web interface under Tools → Import data. Vaultwarden understands the export formats of the common managers (KeePass, LastPass, 1Password, Chrome/Firefox, etc.) directly.

When things go wrong

Maintenance & backups

• Backups are non-negotiable for a password manager. Your entire vault is in the vw-data/ directory (SQLite database, keys, attachments). Back it up encrypted and off-site with Restic – add the folder ~/vaultwarden/vw-data to your backup sources. For a consistent database state, briefly run docker compose stop before the backup, or use the “Backup Database” function in the admin panel. A mere file copy while the container is running can catch an inconsistent state (SQLite writes into WAL files) – with a password manager that’s not a risk worth taking.

• Apply updates in a controlled way. Because we pinned the version, you update deliberately: before the switch read the release notes, then raise the tag in the compose.yaml (e.g. to the next 1.x) and pull anew:

  Terminal

  docker compose pull && docker compose up -d

  Afterwards check the Rocket has launched line in the log again and test a login.

• Keep registration closed. Occasionally check that SIGNUPS_ALLOWED is still false – always invite new users specifically via the admin panel.

• Rotate the ADMIN_TOKEN if it might be compromised: generate a new hash with the hash command from step 1, replace it in the compose.yaml, restart.

• Never lose the master password. There is no recovery. In a team/family setup, an emergency access can make sense – you set that up per vault in the account settings.